Primary
SUB-EST2025 (national CSV)
National SUB-EST2025 dataset: places, MCDs, county/state totals (Vintage 2025).
Sources · Vintage V2025
Every file we read.
Every published number on this site traces back to one of the official files below (U.S. Census Bureau, ACS, BEA RPP, HUD FMR, EIA, NOAA, FCC BDC, FEMA NRI, USDA, BLS, NCES, IRS). Each file is recorded with its URL, sha256 hash, and retrieval date so the chain raw file → build script → published number is fully auditable.
Primary data sources
Three files in this group produce every number on this site.
Primary
SUB-EST2019 (national CSV)
National SUB-EST2019 dataset: places + MCDs (Vintage 2019, 2010-2019 estimates).
Primary
2025 Gazetteer — places
2025 Gazetteer national places file (incorporated places + CDPs).
Additional federal datasets
Federal datasets joined onto the city universe to power demographics, economic, schools, climate, broadband, risk, cost-of-living, energy, and housing sections. Each entry links to its methodology section and its official publisher page.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey
ACS 5-Year 2020–2024
Demographics, income, poverty, housing, employment, and broadband adoption from the American Community Survey 5-Year estimates, 2020–2024 window.
U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income & Poverty Estimates
SAIPE 2024 (model-based)
County-grain poverty and median household income estimates from the Census Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates program, model-based and not a direct count.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics
BLS LAUS 2024 annual
Labor force and unemployment rates from BLS LAUS. County-grain for every U.S. county; place-grain for ~1,745 cities (effectively places ≥25,000 pop).
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
BLS QCEW 2024 annual
County-grain NAICS-industry private employment and average weekly wages from BLS QCEW. Top-5 industries by employment are rolled up across linked counties for each city.
U.S. National Center for Education Statistics
NCES EDGE GRF25
School-district to city crosswalk from the NCES EDGE Geographic Relationship Files (GRF25, 2024–25 school year boundaries from TIGER 2025).
U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NCEI
NOAA Climate Normals 1991–2020
Monthly climate normals (avg temperature, precipitation) sampled from NOAA NCEI 1991–2020. CONUS uses the 4 km gridded product; Alaska, Hawaii, and territories use the nearest GHCN station.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission
FCC Broadband Data Collection
Fixed broadband availability (providers, ≥100/20 Mbps share, ≥1 Gbps share, total broadband-serviceable units) from the FCC Broadband Data Collection at Census Place grain. ISP-reported advertised speeds, not measured throughput; satellite providers (tech 60+61) excluded from headline counts.
U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency
FEMA National Risk Index
Natural-hazard exposure assessment from FEMA’s National Risk Index (NRI). Composite risk score and 18 per-hazard scores at U.S. county grain — Hurricane, Coastal Flooding, Wildfire, Earthquake, Tornado, and others. Expected-loss-weighted, calibrated on 1996–2019 historical losses; not a property-level or forecasting product.
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
BEA Regional Price Parities
Cost-of-living index from the BEA Regional Price Parities program (2024). Spatial price differences across MSAs and states relative to the U.S. average (100). Cross-sectional only — not an inflation measure. Applies to the city's metro area or state portion, not the city in isolation.
U.S. Office of Management and Budget (hosted on Census.gov)
OMB CBSA Delineation
County-to-CBSA crosswalk used to map each city to its metropolitan statistical area. OMB Bulletin 23-01, July 2023 delineation.
U.S. Energy Information Administration
EIA State Energy Prices
State-grain residential electricity and natural-gas prices and PADD-region retail gasoline prices from the EIA Open Data API. Single most-recent observation per series — not a year-over-year inflation tracker. Applies to the city's state (or PADD region for gasoline), not the city in isolation.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
HUD Fair Market Rents + Small Area Fair Market Rents
40th-percentile gross rent (rent + utilities) benchmarks from HUD, used to administer the Section 8 voucher program. Metro cities use HUD Small Area Fair Market Rents (SAFMR) at ZIP-code grain; non-metro cities use the county/FMR-area-grain standard FMR. Read alongside ACS median gross rent — they answer different questions on different timelines.
U.S. Census Bureau, Economic Programs Directorate
Census Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances
State+local combined per-capita tax burden across five categories (total, property, sales & gross receipts, individual income, corporate). The only federally-produced cross-state-comparable revenue measure; combines state government revenue with all local-government revenue within each state. Per-capita denominator is the matching Census PEP state estimate. State-grain only.
State Departments of Revenue (50 states + DC), with Tax Foundation cross-check
State Departments of Revenue — Individual Income Tax Rate Schedules
TY2025 individual income tax brackets for all 50 states + DC, with single-filer effective rate computed at $75,000 of income after state standard deduction. Each state's Department of Revenue is the primary authority; Tax Foundation's annual compilation is used as a cross-check only. Local income taxes (NYC, Yonkers, Portland-OR, Maryland counties, Philadelphia, OH/KY/MI cities) are excluded. Nine states have no broad-based wage income tax: AK, FL, NV, SD, TX, WA, WY, TN, NH.
Tax Foundation (population-weighted local averages) + state statute (state rate)
Tax Foundation — State and Local Sales Tax Rates (annual)
State + average-local sales tax rates for all 50 states + DC, TY2025. State-level statutory rates from each state's revenue department; population-weighted average local rates from Tax Foundation's annual study. Combined rate is the "average resident's" rate — not the rate at any specific point of sale. Five states have no statutory state sales tax: OR, MT, NH, DE, AK (AK allows local sales taxes statewide).
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)
Metro-grain median wages for the top 10 occupations by employment plus six curated benchmark occupations (registered nurse, software developer, elementary teacher, general manager, retail salesperson, truck driver). Published annually with a May reference period at the Metropolitan Statistical Area level. Non-metro cities (~10,000 of 19,483) show "not available". Suppressed wages stay NULL — never imputed.
USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion
USDA Cost of Food Plans (Thrifty, Low-Cost, Moderate-Cost, Liberal)
USDA national reference budgets for a healthy diet at four cost levels (Thrifty, Low-Cost, Moderate-Cost, Liberal). The Thrifty Food Plan is the basis for SNAP benefit calculations. Family-of-4 monthly figures are computed from USDA's reference family composition; values are national and not adjusted for local prices.
USDA Economic Research Service
USDA Food Environment Atlas
County-grain food-access indicators: grocery stores per 1,000 population, low food-access population share (USDA definition: 1 mile urban / 10 miles rural to nearest supermarket), and SNAP participation rate. Joined to cities via primary county. Suppressed cells stay NULL.
U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division
Census TIGER/Line cartographic boundaries
State outlines for city-page locator maps from the Census Cartographic Boundary Files (1:20,000,000 scale, 2024 release). Public domain. Used only to render the state outline and the city-dot thumbnail in the hero of each city profile.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey
National consumer expenditure means (transportation, healthcare out-of-pocket, telephone services, information services, apparel, housekeeping supplies, household operations, personal care, entertainment, reading) from the BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2024 reference year. Table 1400 (all consumer units) is the primary input; Table 1502 (region detail) provides regional breakdowns. Public domain federal data.
Every City In The USA (derived from federal primary sources)
Every City — Monthly Household Budget Composite (derived)
Per-city Monthly Household Budget Benchmark for a single adult, 1BR rental. Derived from seven federal primary sources: HUD Fair Market Rents (housing), USDA Low-Cost Food Plan (food), BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey (transportation, healthcare out-of-pocket, internet + cellular, other necessities, civic), BEA Regional Price Parities (state price deflators), EIA state energy prices, IRS TY2025 federal tax brackets, and state Department of Revenue income tax brackets. Not a recommended salary, not a policy threshold, not an affordability score. Methodology documented at /methodology/#household-budget.
U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau
DOL National Database of Childcare Prices 2022
County-grain center-based childcare prices (preschool and school-age) from the DOL Women's Bureau National Database of Childcare Prices, 2022 edition. Inflation-adjusted to current dollars using the BLS CPI Child Care and Nursery School subindex (CUUR0000SEEB03). Public-domain federal data (17 U.S.C. § 105). The processed build manifest records IN, PA, and VT as states with no matched NDCP preschool county coverage; individual city rows are also not modeled when the primary county lacks the preschool or school-age anchor needed for this composite. Used in the family-of-four composition of the Monthly Household Budget Benchmark only.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
BLS CPI Child Care Subindex (CUUR0000SEEB03)
U.S. city average CPI subindex for "Child care and nursery school" (series CUUR0000SEEB03), not seasonally adjusted. Published monthly by BLS. Used to inflate NDCP 2022 county-level childcare prices to current dollars via the ratio of the latest published month index to the January 2022 anchor (323.184). A national multiplier — counties where childcare rose faster or slower than the national average will be proportionally misstated.
Every City In The USA (derived from federal primary sources)
Every City — Monthly Household Budget Composite — Family of Four (derived)
Per-city Monthly Household Budget Benchmark for a family of four (two adults working, two children ages 4 and 8), 3-bedroom rental. Derived from federal primary sources: HUD Fair Market Rents / SAFMR (housing), USDA Low-Cost Food Plan family-of-4 totals (food), DOL NDCP 2022 inflated by BLS CPI CUUR0000SEEB03 (childcare), BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey (transportation, healthcare, other necessities), BEA Regional Price Parities (state price deflators), EIA state energy prices, IRS TY2025 federal MFJ brackets + EITC + Child Tax Credit, and state income tax brackets. Not a recommended salary, not a policy threshold, not an affordability score. Methodology documented at /methodology/#household-budget.
Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development
PA DCED — Earned Income Tax Rates & PSD Codes
Pennsylvania municipal and school-district earned income tax (EIT) rates and Political Subdivision (PSD) codes from the PA DCED real-time register. ~2,560 taxing jurisdictions. State government public record; public domain under PA Right-to-Know Law. Used as Tier A automated source for PA cities in the local income tax layer.
Maryland Department of Legislative Services
MD DLS — County Local Income Tax Rates
Annual Maryland county piggyback income tax rates from the Department of Legislative Services. 24 entries covering all 23 MD counties plus Baltimore City. Rates range 2.25%–3.20%; set by county and applied uniformly to all incorporated places within each county. State government publication; public domain.
Indiana Department of Revenue
IN DOR — Departmental Notice #1 (County Income Tax)
Indiana county-level income tax rates from the Indiana DOR Departmental Notice #1. Covers all 92 Indiana counties. County tax stacks on top of the state income tax. Updated annually effective January 1; mid-year amendments effective October 1 when counties adopt rate changes. State government publication; public domain.
Regional Income Tax Agency (Ohio)
Ohio RITA — Member Municipality Tax Rates
Resident income tax rates for ~390 Ohio municipalities that contract with the Regional Income Tax Agency (RITA) for tax administration. RITA is a quasi-governmental agency; rates are public records. Used as Tier A automated source for RITA-member OH cities in the local income tax layer. Build degrades gracefully to Tier C if RITA is unreachable.
Central Collection Agency, City of Cleveland
Ohio CCA — Member Municipality Tax Rates
Resident income tax rates for ~50 Ohio municipalities served by the Central Collection Agency (CCA), the second-largest Ohio municipal income tax administrator. CCA and RITA member sets are mutually exclusive — build asserts no overlap. Government public records. Used as Tier A automated source for CCA-member OH cities.
Every City In The USA (derived from PA DCED, MD DLS, IN DOR, OH RITA, OH CCA, and manual Tier B overrides)
Every City — Local Income Tax Composite (derived)
Per-city resident local income tax configuration covering ~3,100+ jurisdictions across Pennsylvania, Maryland, Indiana, and Ohio (Tier A automated) plus 13 high-population cities with bespoke rate structures (Tier B manual). Cities in local-income-tax states not covered by Tier A or B are labeled Tier C (not modeled) with a state DOR link. Consumed by the monthly household budget tax solver. Not tax advice. Methodology at /methodology/#local-income-tax.
Every City In The USA (derived from F1 single-adult and F2 family-of-four composites)
Every City — Comparison Tool Composite (derived)
Side-by-side household budget comparison powered by the F1 single-adult and F2 family-of-four composites. Surfaces existing sourced data with per-row dollar deltas; no new primary sources. The /compare/, /compare/budgets/, and /compare/cost-of-living/ hubs are indexable; individual /vs/ pair URLs are noindex,nofollow and excluded from sitemaps. Methodology at /methodology/#household-budget.
Reference documents
Census-published documentation that defines field semantics and the methodology behind the primary files.
| Document | Filename | Size | sha256 | Retrieved | Source URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SUB-EST2025 file layout | SUB-EST2025-file-layout.pdf | 64.4 KB | f1d57a5742df… | ||
| SUB-EST2025 methodology | SUB-EST2025-methodology.pdf | 306.5 KB | ff21acc9a6bd… | ||
| SUB-EST2019 file layout | SUB-EST2019-file-layout.pdf | 12.3 KB | 67d0d9a04a5a… | ||
| SUB-EST2019 methodology | SUB-EST2019-methodology.pdf | 127.8 KB | 7d3ac6469e0e… |
Provenance chain
How this list stays honest.
Every City in the USA is not the original authority for the numbers. The publishers listed on this page are the upstream authorities; this site normalizes, joins, documents, and displays their public data with the source chain kept visible.
When evaluating a value, look for the publisher, dataset, vintage or reference period, native geography, transformation, and caveat. A city page can combine city/place-grain Census values with county, metro, ZIP/FMR-area, state, national, or modeled benchmarks, so grain matters before reuse.
Every file in the list above is downloaded by workflows/census/download_census.py, which writes a sha256-tracked manifest at data/raw/census/MANIFEST.json. The build script workflows/census/build_cities.py reads those raw files and writes a per-build provenance log at data/processed/cities/build_manifest.json that carries the input sha256s through alongside row counts, decisions, and output hashes.
If a number on this site looks wrong, the chain back to the source file is:
- Find the row in cities.csv by
geoid. - Read its
source_*columns to identify the input file. - Look up that filename in the build manifest to get the sha256 + source URL.
- Re-fetch the source URL; verify the sha256 matches the manifest entry.
- Open the file and confirm the field's value at the matching
STATE/PLACEkey.
License & attribution
U.S. Census Bureau publications are works of the United States Government and are in the public domain (17 U.S.C. § 105). No license fee, no required attribution. We attribute anyway because credibility flows from sourcing.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Vintage V2025 Subcounty Resident Population Estimates. Geographic enrichment from the 2025 Census Gazetteer. Compiled and processed by Every City in the USA on 2026-06-17.
Every City in the USA is independent and is not affiliated with the U.S. Census Bureau. Census does not review or approve third-party uses of its data.